Little Ice Age

Little Ice Age:

London's River Thames, frozen over in 1677

During the period from 1560 to 1850 Western Europe experienced a cooling of the climate that impacted all aspects of society, especially health. Famine was a major cause of death during this time because the cold temperatures affected agricultural production. The weather shortened growing seasons by 1 to 2 months during the coldest parts leading to malnutrition. The height and stature of Europeans was directly correlated with temperature. Average height dropped almost an inch during this period and did not increase until after temperatures rose again. The cool, wet environment led to the emergence of a variety of diseases including one called St. Anthony's Fire. It also aggravated the influenza epidemic and bubonic plague. It took a long time for Europe to build up their population and economy after the devastation of the Little Ice Age.

2011 Japan Earthquake & Tsunami

2011 Japan Earthquake & Tsunami

On March 11, 2011 an 8.9 earthquake struck the northeastern coast of Japan. Less than 30 minutes later 30 feet tall waves began to hit the shore. Homes were destroyed, roads made impassable and thousands of people died instantly. Although the population of Japan was one of the most highly educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, they were unprepared for this intense disaster. Fortunately, some lives were saved by Japan's extensive disaster preparedness and strict construction codes. The quake occurred in a subduction zone, where one of earth's tectonic plates slides under another. The long term effects of this event were extensive and immense. 309 billion dollars of damage was done, and repairs will take years to complete. Another pressing concern was possible radiation leaks from 2 nuclear power plants damaged during the calamity.

Where Have All the Penguins Gone?

Declining Population of Chinstrap Penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula

There have been significant declines in the breeding population of chinstrap penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula due to warming conditions. Researchers traveled to Deception Island where the chinstrap's largest colony is located at Baily Head. They found that there has been at least a 50% decline in population since the 1980's.

Deception Island, Antarctica

Article about Chinstrap Penguin Population